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Nanotoxicology includes the life cycle study of nanoparticles, in order to better understand the health risks involved in their use. These issues have underpinned the development of a new branch of research, under the name of nanotoxicology. The studies indicated that the nanoparticle toxicity is observed through cellular modifications that include cell membrane damage, mitochondrial function affection, apoptosis activation, and also through increased oxidative mechanism stress.

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Adverse health effects can be caused by inhalation, oral ingestion, and absorption through the skin or by injection. The growing popularity of nanotechnology in medicine has been limited because of the potential side effects caused by the possible toxicity of the nanoparticles. Beside useful characteristics such as higher values of specific surface/volume ratio, enhanced chemical reactivity, mechanical or physicochemical properties as well as distinct optical properties relative to scale-up materials, these nanomaterials can present a danger to human health. Due to much smaller dimensions, this nanomaterial presents specific properties, sometimes in contrast with the bulk materials. Therefore, this revolution requires the large-scale production of these nanostructures.

Nanotechnology includes the study and manipulation of nanoscale particles. All aspects of our lives have slowly begun to rely on this nanotechnology revolution. Over the past decade, nanotechnology has received a lot of attention, due to its diversity of applications, ranging from electronics, aerospace, computers to biology and nanomedicine.